WORD FORM Theoretical Background 오늘은 word form의 문제들에 대해 알아 보도록 하겠습니다. 이 word form 문제는 올바른 단어의 form이 올바른 자리에 위치하고 있는지를 물어보는 것입니다. TOEFL시험의 Written Expression Section에서는 가장 많이 출제되는 형태인 만큼 철저하게 준비를 해 놓아야 겠습니다. 출제되는 비율로 보면 형용사와 부사의 위치를 물어보는 것이 가장 많고 그리고 명사와 동사의 위치를 물어 보는 것들이 출제 됩니다. Solution Shield. Lexical Adjectives 먼저 형용사들의 위치에 대해 알아 보도록 하겠습니다. 형용사는 문장에서 주로 두 가지의 자리에 들어간다고 보면 되겠습니다. 1. 명사의 앞 (Attributive position) 거의 모든 형용사들은 명사의 앞에 위치한다고 보면 무리가 없을 듯 합니다. Cf) Adjectives used only in attributive position: l live(not dead), l intensifying adjectives(mere, sheer, bloody) l material adjectives (wooden, woolen. earthen, golden, etc), l comparative adjectives (inner, outer, lower, latter, major, minor, elder) 2. 2형식 동사의 뒤 (After ‘copular’ verbs : Predicative position) 몇몇 동사들은 형용사를 보어로 취하는 데, 이때는 형용사가 그 동사의 뒤에 위치하게 됩니다. 1) A-로 시작한 형용사들과 몇 가지 특별한 형용사들 Afloat, afraid, alight, alike, alive, alone, asleep, awake…등은 반드시 동사의 뒤에만 나와야 합니다. 그리고, well (healthy or fit) / ill (sick)등의 형용사들도 동사의 뒤에 나타나야만 합니다. 2) 단위와 함께 쓰이는 expression of measurement 25 years old, ten miles long, 7 feet tall 등과 같이 단위와 함께, 길이, 나이, 부피, 높이를 나타낼 때에는 반드시 형용사를 단위를 나타내는 명사 뒷편에 위치 시켜야 합니다. 3) –thing, -body, -where 등으로 끝난 명사들은 전치 수식을 받지 않기 때문에 항상 형용사를 뒤에다가 위치 시켜야 합니다. EX) something cold / somebody beautiful / somewhere decent 4) 뒤에 후치어구를 달고 다니는 경우 앞에서 많이 살펴 본 바와 같이 형용사들이 that clause, to infinitives, 전치사구를 함께 달고 나오는 경우가 많은데, 그러한 경우는 전치수식이 불가능하고 반드시 동사 뒤로 후치 시켜서 써야 합니다. Linking Verbs (Copular Verbs). Type 1) –인 상태로 있다 : be, remain, sit, lie, prove, keep, stay…. Type 2) –인 상태로 되다 : become, get, grow, run, go, turn, fall, come…. Type 3) –인 상태로 보이다 : look, seem, appear Type 4) 지각 동사 : sound, smell, taste, feel…. Lexical Adverbs. 일반적으로 부사는 문장이 시작하기 전의 콤마 앞 쪽, 그리고 문장이 다 끝나고 난 뒤쪽에 위치 합니다. 그러나 문장 내의 형용사, 동사, 그리고 다른 부사를 수식하기 위해서 문장 안으로 들어 가기도 하죠. 그러나, 몇몇 경우는 문장 중간에 부사의 의미가 꼭 필요 할 경우는 자리에 관계없이 들어 오기도 합니다. EX) She at once realized her mistake I very much enjoy skiing. We were quite often invited to parties at the weekends. 그리고 어떠한 경우에도 타동사와 목적어 사이에는 절대로 동사를 써서는 안됩니다. adverb + Verb + Object + adverb 위와 같이 항상 부사는 타동사의 앞 쪽이나, 목적어의 뒤쪽, 즉 문장이 다 끝난 자리에 들어 와야 합니다. 또한 전치사구에서 전치사와 목적어 사이에도 부사는 위치할 수 없다는 것도 중요하겠죠? 그러면 부사가 문장의 여러 요소를 꾸밀 때의 일반적인 자리들을 살펴 보도록 하겠습니다. Adjectives를 꾸밀 때 Adverb + Adjectives (+ enough) Adverb + Participles ( V-ing / V-ed ) Verb 를 꾸밀 때 Adverb FREQ + Vi + Adverb Aux + Adverb FREQ + Verb + Adverb Be + Adverb Adverb + Vt + Object + Adverb (Adverb + Vt + Adverb + Long Object + Adverb) 다른 Adverb를 꾸밀 때 Modifying Adverb + Modified Adverb Adverb + preposition + Object + Adverb Adverb + ADV clause marker + Subject + Verb Adverb + to (Adverb) – Verb + Adverb Quantifiers 를 꾸밀 때 Adverb DEGREE + Quantifier 이 자리들은 매우 중요하니까 꼭 익혀 두어야 겠습니다. Pattern Exercise 1. In his book The Natural History of Selbourne(1786), the nature Gilbert White tells how he surreptitously removed one egg a day from a plover’s nest, and how the mother laid another egg each day to make up for the missing one. 2. In many ways, the Bessemer process was responsibility for the rapid industrialization of the United States that took place in the formative period of the late 1800s 3. In the early days of the factory system, people thought that the government had no right to interfere with business, and so no one forced the factory owners to treat their workers fair. 4. Between 1870 and 1922, Italian Jews were unique in Europe in finding no discrimination at all in the social and politics life of the country, but things changed under Fascism. 5. The number of physical phenomena amenable to scientific explanation increases with each passing decade, whereas our scientific knowledge of human conduct remains relatively insignificantly. 6. Much of Mark Twain’s writing was flippant and bitterly satire designed to conform to the accepted standards of the time. 7. The story of Eleanor Roosevelt’s struggle for independence is far better known now than it was during her lifetime, thanks large to the television programs based upon the books of Josheph P. Lash. 8. The reason that Thomas Jefferson did not give many formal parties was part that there was no First Lady and also that he liked to live in a simple fashion. 9. The aviation industry is a high technology-intensive one with its products having more added value that any other industrial product. 10. The explosive growth of world-population has not been caused by a suddenly increase in human fertility, and probably owes little in any part of the world to an increase in birth-rate. Lexical Noun 명사의 자리는 당연히 격(Case)가 있는 곳이 되겠죠? 당연히 Subject Position : Noun + Verb Object position : V3 + Noun V4 + Noun1 + Noun2 (Noun1 =/= Noun 2) V5 + Noun + Complement (Adjective or noun ) Preposition + Noun Complement position : V2 + Noun ( Subject = Noun ) V5 + Noun1 + Noun2 (Noun 1 = Noun 2 ) 이러한 자리가 명사의 자리가 됩니다. Lexical Verb 동사의 자리는 물론 문장의 동사의 자리와 to부정사에서 to의 뒷자리에 lexical Verb가 위치 할 수 있습니다. Pattern Exercise 11. One affect of gasoline rationing during the Second World War was to confine people at home, where they listened to the radio, played parlor games like checkers, and read books and magazines in unprecedented numbers. 12. Since the discovery of methods of culturing cells removed from the body of a higher animal or plant, many new facts about cell function and structure have been discovered by observing and photographing such cells under the microscopic. 13. The poet of Gwendolyn Brooks has been praised for deepening the significance of personal and social experiences so that these experiences become universal in their implication. 14. Discovered a mere one hundred fifty years ago and manufactured commercially just half that long, aluminum today ranking behind only iron and steel among metals serving mankind. 15. Several biologists suggest that the sarcoma cells in the body stimulate some of the healthy cells to manufacturing a substance which inhibits the malignant growth to some extent. 16. Throughout the history of live, there have been many major upheavals in which whole groups of animals were replaced by others. 17. D. W. Griffith, the motion-picture direction, has become famous in film history for his technical innovations, but many of his artistic achievements have been overlooked. 18. The biological sonar, or echolocation, of bats and a number of other animals is one of nature’s great ingenuous . 19. One of history’s most spectacular executions was that of Damiens, the unsuccessful assassination of Louis XV, in Paris in 1757. 20. The rapid accepting of computed tomography is due to the fact that it has overcome several of the drawbacks of conventional x-ray technology. Lexical Noun 과 Verbal의 구별 일반 명사와 준동사, 그 중에서도 to-V와 동명사가 명사의 역할을 문장 내에 서 할 수 있습니다. 이 두 가지의 form들이 모두 명사 역할을 할 수 있기 때문에 같은 자리에 나오는 것은 분명하나, 몇 가지 반드시 지켜야 할 원리 들이 분명히 있습니다. Verb -> Verb + Suffix 일반명사 1) 목적어를 취할 수 없다. 2) Adjective로 수식을 한다. 3) 관사를 붙일 수 있다. -> Verb + -ing / to Verb 준동사 1) 만약 동사가 타동사라고 하면 반드시 목적어를 취해야만 한다. 2) Adverb 로 수식을 한다. 3) 관사를 붙일 수 없다. Quiz 1. The creation of new jobs in this community has greatly helped the economy. 2. The explanation my position would great deal of time 3. Elimination toxic wastes from the environment is crucial to the future health of our children. 4. The consumption electrical energy without replenishing it is dangerous. 5. To generate of some new ideas by new people will greatly enhance out marketing strategy. 6. Your teacher’s recommendation was mailed to the college yesterday. 7. Primary concern of a central bank is maintenance of a soundly based commercial banking structure. 8. To comply with the law is necessary as a citizen. 9. Many people were worried about the beginning of the 21st century because of the Y2K virus problem. 10. Measuring of the depth of the river was thought to be impossible. Pattern Exercise 21. The rise of the U.S steel industry in the last quarter of the nineteenth century was brought about largely by the demanding for Bessemer steel rails for the nation’s burgeoning rail network. 22. Besides feel the soil and sniffing the air, farmers can now point gun-shaped infrared meters at their crops to find out when the plants need watering. 23. When it is short of water, a plant, which normally uses evaporation as a means of cool, cannot rid itself of the heat it absorbs from sunlight or the heat that may build up form its own metabolism. 24. The work of Mark Twain, Huckleberry Finn, strikes a balance between his optimistic youth and his later cynicism, and is properly regarded as one of the masterpieces of American literaturary. 25. The development of Jamestown in Virginia during the second half of the seventeenth century was closely related to the making and using of bricks. 26. In 1662, the Town Act of theVirginia Assembly provided for the construction for thirty-two brick buildings and prohibited the using of wood as a construction material. 27. Prices determine how resources are to be used, and they are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supplying are rationed among buyers. 28. Scientists suggested that mammals caused the extinction of the dinosaurs by eating their eggs or by competition for the same food resources. 29. In the science of meteorology, one may consider the condition of the atmosphere at a given moment and attempt to predict changing from that condition over a period of a few hours to a few days ahead. 30. The F-15, the replacing for the now outmoded F-14, can fly over 200 miles per hour faster than the older model. Comprehensive Test 1. Washington Irving, one of America’s most famous authors, was a lawyer, a businessman, and a United States diplomatic to England and Spain. D 2. Large, perfect shaped pearls rank in value with the most precious stones. A 3. The 1890s saw the birth of the bicycle crazy in the United States. D 4. Algae range in size from microscope one-celled plants to huge masses of seaweed. B 5. The first national known male singers of popular music appeared during the 1920s. B 6. Limestone long has been quarried for to use as a building stone. A 7. During the 1850s and 1860s many people began to experiment with the artist possibilities of photography. D 8. In 1875, the American philosopher William James founded what was probable the world’s first psychology laboratory. C 9. Most pageants are plays of special significant such as a drama portraying the growth of a city or the development of medicine. B 10. Joseph Priestley is immortal in the history of chemistry as the discover of oxygen, in 1774. D 11. Seals, turtles, and seabirds can navigate over thousands of miles of open ocean with amazing accurate. D 12. In 1829, James Smithson set aside money for creating of the Smithsomian Institute. C 13. Most pines grow rapidly and form straight, tall trunks that are ideally for lumber. D 14. Freud’s idea have had a great influence on the study of personality, but they are highly controversy. D 15. Euglena is a single-celled organism that has characteristic of both plants and animals. B 16. The Pony Express from 1860 to 1861 became one of the most colorful episodes in American post history. D 17. Paul Dunbar wrote poetry in standard English about tradition poetic subjects and about the heroes of black Americans. B 18. Polls following scientific procedures began in 1935 with the experiment nationwide surveys of George Gallup and Elm Roper. C 19. Several computer models have been able to succeed predict global climatic changes well in advance of their occurrence. B 20. Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that afflicts about one out of every 800 infancies born in the United States. C 21. In order to avoid flooding the market with excess goods, distributators often store their surplus goods in private or public warehouses. B 22. The Arctic stratosphere appears susceptibly to pollutants produced thousands of miles to its south. A 23. Moisturize in the air forms an effective insulating blanket over most of the earth. A 24. Aspirin seems helpfully in reducing the risk of stroke in people whose upper heart chambers beat irregularly. A 25. President Woodrow Wilson’s collapse on October 2, 1919, was a tragical event not only for the president and his family but also for the nation. B 26. Edgar Allan Poe, creation of the detective story at the age of thirty-two, claimed to prefer writing poetry to writing prose. A 27. The powerful, destroy force of hurricanes, common in the Caribbean and southeastern United States, sometimes reaches as far north as New England. A 28. Geothermal energy, for example the heat from activate volcanoes and geysers, can be turned into electricity. C 29. The short wave lengths of ultraviolet light produce luminescence in the crystalize of some minerals. C 30. In recent years, steps have been taken to guarantee equality job opportunities to the handicapped and to minorities C 31. Nationality known Black activist LeRoi Jones has also achieved recognition for his powerful separatist poetry. A 32. The chlorophyll in leaves is a complex organically molecule capable of converting certain wavelengths of light into chemical energy. B 33. The gypsy moth was originally introduced into the northeastern part of the United States by a French scientific who hoped to use it to develop a new strain of silk. C 34. Summer comes to the Northern Hemisphere when the earth’s axis tilts toward the solar. D 35. Most males begin to experience lost of hair at around forty years of age. B? 36. In his quest for national united, Thomas Jefferson sought political support from banking, commercial, and manufacturing interests. A 37. At Dinosaur National Monument in Utah, the ancient remains of many animals are left part unexcavated so that visitors can see how their fossilization occurred. C 38. Soon after its opening on the stage, The Glass Menagerie won criticize acclaim for its author, Tennessee Williams. C 39. Phonologists study the sound patterns of language to learn the rules that governance the way sounds are combined. D 40. Emotionally stable people seem to have about the same number of nightmares as highly anxiously individuals. D 41. The Humane Society fights to discourage cruelty treatment of animals and sponsors shelters for the protection of stray and lost pets. B 42. In spite of countless obstacles, Charles Lindbergh remained relentlessly in his efforts to cross the Atlantic in his small monoplane and finally succeeded in the spring of 1927. C 43. From 1865 to 1875, a remarkable various of inventions was produced. C 44. A number of the materials used in manufacturing paint are potential dangerous if mishandled C 45. Physical therapists help patients relearn how to use their bodies after disease or injure. D 46. There was once a widespread believe that all lizards were poisonous. B 47. Bricks can be made from many difference types of clay. C 48. Judges in dog shows rate dogs on such points as their colorful, posture, shape, and size. C 49. The medicine of prehistoric people probably consisted of a mixture of scientific practices, superstitions, and religious believes. D 50. Storks constantly rearrange their nests to keep their eggs safety, dry, and warm. C 51. In its purely state, hydrochloric acid is a gas, but it is almost always used as a solution in water. A 52. Lightly, sandy soil absorbs water more quickly than clay or loam. A 53. It is a chemical called capsaicin that gives hot peppers their spice flavor. D 54. The ruins of Mayan cities have recent been discovered in the Mexican jungle. C 55. It has been discovered that when bananas are completely ripe or cooked, they are one of the most digestion foods, and of great value in treating certain diseases. C 56. Originate in Ethiopia, coffee was drunk in the Arab world before it came to Europe in the 17th century. A 57. The Comanches were the most skillful horsemen of all the American Indians and ranked as the most powerful nomad on the plains of the Southwest. D? 58. Without fungi, most green plants could hardly survive because they depend on the produce of fungus decay in the soil. D 59. Magnesium is almost five times lighter than steel, so it is wide used in space vehicles and aircraft. D 60. George Washington’s refused to run for a third term established the custom that no President should serve for more than two terms. A 61. Except for turkey at Thanksgiving, no single dish has gained wide enough popularity in the U.S. to become a symbolic for the country as a whole. D 62. In the 1840s, Joseph Henry, the most original American scientist since Benjamin Franklin, made important discovery in electromagnetism. D 63. The principle of radiocarbon dating is the most important science technique to be applied to archeological work in recent times. B 64. Although oil and water can be mixed temporarily by sufficiently agitation, the mixture separates rapidly if allowed to stand. B 65. Whenever the wind blows from the ocean toward the land, the ocean exerts a moderate effect on the temperature of the land. D 66. The name Albert Einstein has become synonymous with his theory of relative in the minds of most scientists and laymen. B 67. Coral atolls, those ring-shaped islands that surround a lagoon, are made up of the skeletonsn of numerable marine animals. D 68. Noah Webster’s American Spelling Book (1783), commonly known as “the blue-backed speller”, eventual sold over 100 million copies to become the best selling book in the entire history of American publishing. B 69. The distribution of copper, like that of gold, does not appear to be related to any particularly type of rock. D 70. The most important cause of tides is the gravitation attraction of the moon. B 71. Theol, the essential oil in the tea leaf, gives the flavor and aromatic. D 72. Many marine birds and reptiles are uqipped with special glands that are exclusive used for salt removal. B 73. Rattlesnakes feed only on warm-blood animals; the eastern diamond-back, for instance, feeds almost exclusively on cottontail rabbits. A 74. African elephant, found today in Africa, is distinguishable by its large and constantly moving ears, which cool the blood that circulates through them. A 75. A deep-orange color carrot, rich in vitamin A, has been produced at the University of Wisconsin. A 76. The methods of spectrum analysis vary according to the wavelength region were studied. B 77. A statue, a monumental, a building, or a park may be dedicated to commemorate a distinguished individual. A 78. A musician with multiply talents, Aretha Franklin is able to write songs that are unusually consistent in style and content. A 79. Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a question of physiology and of culture. D 80. One of the most distinction dialects of North American English, Gullah is spoken by many people in the South Carolina area. A 81. One values product of a musk deer is musk, which comes from a gland near the male's abdomen and is used in medicines and perfumes. A 82. Progress in the field of optically and new kinds of glass have made it possible to construct photographic lenses with a minimum number of materials. A 83. In nature, the distributive of plants is obviously related to climate. B 84. How many people realize that Majorie Kinnan Rawlings' The Yealing is a minor literary classic and an important contribute to regional literature? D 85. As inevitably as human culture has changed with the passing of time, so does the environment. C 86. Mass advertising is employed when person-to-person selling is impractical, impossible, or simply inefficiency. D 87. The wide mouths of tributary rivers form numerous inlets that cause the shoreline of Chesapeake Bay to be irregularity. D 88. Varieties of flax that are grown for linen fiber have tall, thinly stalks. D 89. Hidden in the deepness layers of ice, some glaciers are clues to climatic factors of earlier time periods. B